Author(s): Shekhar Kamble, Dr. Vishal Babar, Dr. Sudarshan Nagarale, Amit Pondkule, Pragalbh Misale and Snehal Khartude

Abstract: Cancer has a complicated pathological process. Lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, the development of multi-drug resistance, and the proliferation of stem-like cells are issues with current chemotherapy. Nanomaterials are substances with unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. They are substances with a size between 1 and 100 nm. There are numerous major categories into which nanomaterials employed in cancer therapy can be divided. These nanomaterials have been modified for a variety of cancer therapies to overcome toxicity and lack of selectivity, boost drug capacity as well as bioavailability, and target cancer cells, tumour microenvironment, and immune system. The number of authorised nano-drugs has not significantly risen over time, despite an increase in investigations. Further investigation is required for targeted drug delivery via nano-carriers to reduce side effects and enhance clinical translation. Since nanoparticles can be an effective drug delivery technique, nanotechnology has been intensively researched and used to treat cancer. Nanoparticle-based drug administration has distinct benefits over conventional drug delivery methods, including greater stability and biocompatibility, increased permeability and retention effect, and precision targeting. This kind of drug-carrier system has advanced thanks to the use and development of hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporate the combined properties of many nanoparticles. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems contribute to the reduction of cancer-related treatment resistance. Overexpression of drug efflux transporters, compromised apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic environments are some of the processes underlying cancer treatment resistance. Improved multidrug resistance reversal may result from nanoparticles that target these pathways. Nanoparticles are also being created to target these pathways as more tumour drug resistance mechanisms are discovered. Additionally, researchers have lately begun to look into how immunotherapy, which is increasingly crucial in the treatment of cancer, uses nanoparticles. In this study, we examine how nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles are used to deliver medications in the contexts of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. We also detail the targeting mechanism of nanoparticle-based drug delivery and how it works to overcome drug resistance. The rapid growth of nanotechnology towards the development of nanomedicine agents has great potential to improve therapeutic approaches to cancer. Nanomedical products offer opportunities for sophisticated targeting strategies and multi-functionality. Today, nanoparticles (NPs) have diverse applications in various fields of science. In recent years, it has been repeatedly reported that NPs play an important role in modern medicine. A wide range of nanomaterials based on organic, inorganic, lipid, glycan compounds, and synthetic polymers have been used to develop and improve new cancer therapies. This study describes the role of NPs in treating cancer among different methods of drug delivery for cancer therapy

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